Ukufota kubone ukuhambela phambili okubonakalayo kule minyaka, ngeiikhamera ezigcweleyoimele enye yezona zinto ziguquguqukayo nezitshintshayo. Ezi khamera zijongana nobubanzi bezicelo ukusuka kwifoto yemveli ukuya kwi-infrared, i-ultraviolet, kunye ne-astrophotography, ehlanganisa imisebenzi yeekhamera ezininzi zibe nye. Kweli nqaku, sihlola into eyenza ikhamera igcwele i-spectrum, iphonononga imiba yayo yobugcisa, izibonelelo, kunye nokusetyenziswa, ngelixa sigcina iliso kwiikhamera ze-wholesale ezigcweleyo, iikhamera ezigcweleyo zaseChina, abavelisi beekhamera ezigcweleyo, kunye nabanikezeli beekhamera ezigcweleyo.
1. Intshayelelo yeeCamera zeSpectrum eziPheleleyo
● Inkcazelo kunye nesishwankathelo
Ikhamera ye-spectrum epheleleyo iyakwazi ngokukodwa ukuthabatha uluhlu olubanzi lokukhanya kuneekhamera eziqhelekileyo, kubandakanywa i-ultraviolet (UV), ukukhanya okubonakalayo, kunye ne-infrared (IR) spectrums. Iikhamera eziqhelekileyo ziza nesihluzi sangaphakathi sokuthintela i-IR esinqanda uvakalelo lwazo ekukhanyeni okubonakalayo, iqinisekisa ukuchaneka kombala kumfanekiso wemihla ngemihla. Ngokwahlukileyo, iikhamera ezigcweleyo ziye zihlengahlengiswe apho esi sihluzi sitshintshwa ngesihluzo esicacileyo, sivumela ikhamera ukuba ibambe yonke i-electromagnetic light spectrum.
● IiNzuzo eziPhambili kunye nosetyenziso
Ukuguquguquka kweekhamera ezigcweleyo kuguqulela kwiinzuzo ezininzi. Banikezela ngobuntununtunu okongeziweyo kwiimeko zokukhanya okuphantsi, okuthetha ukuba amaxesha amafutshane okuvezwa, ukunciphisa useto lwe-ISO, kwaye ngenxa yoko, imifanekiso ebukhali. Iikhamera ezipheleleyo azikhawulelwanga kuhlobo olunye lokufota; ziyakwazi ukulungelelaniswa kusetyenziso oluninzi olubandakanya ukufotwa komtshato, uphando lwasenkundleni, uphando lwezakudala, kunye nokunye ngokutshintsha ngokulula isihluzo selensi.
2. Indlela iikhamera zeSpectrum ezigcweleyo zisebenza ngayo
● Uhlengahlengiso lwenzwa
Embindini wekhamera egcweleyo kukho inzwa elungisiweyo. Uhlengahlengiso oluphambili lubandakanya ukususa i-IR yokuthintela yangaphakathi yekhamera yokucoca icebo lokucoca kwaye ubeke endaweni yalo ngesihluzo esicacileyo. Olu hlengahlengiso luvumela inzwa ukuba ibone kwaye irekhode ukukhanya kulo lonke uluhlu lwe-spectral-UV, ebonakalayo, kunye ne-IR. Olu hlengahlengiso lubalulekile ekuguquleni ikhamera eqhelekileyo ibe yindlu yamandla egcweleyo.
● Indima yezihluzi: i-UV, i-IR, kunye nokukhanya okubonakalayo
Nje ukuba ilungisiwe, ikhamera ye-spectrum epheleleyo ixhomekeke kwizihluzi zangaphandle ukunciphisa ukukhanya okufakwe kwizicelo ezithile. Ukufota nge-ultraviolet, izihluzi ze-UV-pass zisetyenziselwa ukubamba ukukhanya kwe-UV kuphela. Kwelinye icala, izihluzi ze-infrared-pass zibamba ukukhanya kwe-IR kuphela. Ukubuyela kwifoto eqhelekileyo, isihluzi se-UV/IR-hot-mirror sisetyenziselwa ukuvala isibane se-UV kunye ne-IR, sivumela ukukhanya okubonakalayo kuphela ukuba kudlule, ngaloo ndlela kubuyiselwe ukusebenza okuqhelekileyo kwekhamera.
3. Izinto eziluncedo ngaphezu kweeKhamera zesiNtu
● Uvakalelo olongeziweyo kuKhanya
Olunye uncedo oluphambili lweekhamera ezigcweleyo luphawu lwazo oluphakamileyo ekukhanyeni. Olu buntununtunu olongeziweyo luvumela ukusebenza ngcono kwiimeko zokukhanya okuphantsi, ukufumana iziphumo ezizezona zilungileyo ngamaxesha amafutshane kunye noseto lwe-ISO olusezantsi. Oku kuguqulela kwimifanekiso ebukhali enengxolo encinci kunye neenkcukacha ezithe kratya, okwenza iikhamera ezigcweleyo ezipheleleyo zibe zizixhobo ezixabiseke kakhulu kubafoti abajongana neemeko ezinzima zokukhanya.
● Ukuphuculwa koMgangatho woMfanekiso kunye nokuKhala
Ngenxa yobuchule bazo bokuthwebula ukukhanya okubanzi, iikhamera ezipheleleyo zihlala zivelisa imifanekiso ebukhali ngakumbi kwaye icace. Uvakalelo olongezelelweyo kukukhanya kwe-IR, ngokukodwa, kuvumela ukuba kuthathwe iinkcukacha ezigqwesileyo kunye nemibala enokuthi ingabonakali ngokubonakalayo kwiifoto eziqhelekileyo. Olu mgangatho wenza ukuba iikhamera ezigcweleyo zidume ngakumbi phakathi kwabafoti bendawo, abafoti beenkwenkwezi, kunye neengcali zenzululwazi.
4. Usetyenziso olwahlukeneyo lweeCamera zeSpectrum ezigcweleyo
● Ukufota nge-infrared
Ifoto ye-infrared ibamba ukukhanya kwe-IR okubonakaliswa zizinto, ngokuqhelekileyo ezingabonakali ngeso lenyama. Olu hlobo lokufota lusetyenziswa kakhulu ngeenjongo zobugcisa, njengoko lunokwenza imifanekiso ye-ethereal kunye ne-surreal. Iifoto ze-infrared zihlala ziveza ubume obukhethekileyo kunye neenkcukacha, zibonelela ngembono entsha kwizifundo eziqhelekileyo.
● Ifoto ye-Ultraviolet
Ukufota kwe-UV akwenziwanga kangako kodwa kuxabiseke kakhulu kwiinkalo ezikhethekileyo ezifana nophando lwasenkundleni kunye nophando lwezenzululwazi. Ukukhanya kwe-UV kunokuveza iinkcukacha ezifihlakeleyo kunye neempawu ezingabonakali phantsi kweemeko zokukhanya eziqhelekileyo. Umzekelo, ingasetyenziselwa ukukhangela amaxwebhu omgunyathi, iisampulu zebhayoloji, kunye nezinto zakudala zakudala.
● Ukufota ngeenkwenkwezi
● Ukufota ngeenkwenkwezi
izuza kakhulu kwiikhamera ezigcweleyo ngenxa yobuntununtunu bokukhanya okufipheleyo okuvela kwizinto zasezulwini. Ukukwazi ukubamba ukukhanya kwe-IR kunceda ekunciphiseni imiphumo yokuphazamiseka kwe-atmospheric, ukuvelisa imifanekiso ecacileyo kunye neenkcukacha zeenkwenkwezi, iiplanethi, kunye nezinye iziganeko zeenkwenkwezi. Iikhamera ze-spectrum ezigcweleyo zivumela i-astrophotographers ukuba ibambe i-nightscapes ephefumlayo kunye neenkwenkwezi ezicuthiweyo kunye nobukhali obongezelelweyo.5. Iinketho zoHluzo kwiiCamera zeSpectrum ezigcweleyo
● Izihluzi ze-On-Lens
Izihluzi ezikwi-lens zibalulekile kubuchule obupheleleyo bekhamera yespectrum. Ezi zihluzo zincanyathiselwe ngokuthe ngqo kwilensi yekhamera, zivumela umfoti ukuba alawule ukuba yeyiphi indawo yokukhanya okufakiweyo. Izihluzi ziyafumaneka kwi-UV, IR, kunye nokukhanya okubonakalayo, okwenza kube lula ukutshintsha phakathi kweentlobo ezahlukeneyo zokufota.
● Izihluzi ze-UV / IR eziHot-Mirror
Kubafoti abafuna ukusebenzisa iikhamera zabo ezigcweleyo ukufota okuqhelekileyo, izihluzi ze-UV/IR zezibuko ezishushu zibalulekile. Ezi zihluzo zivimba zombini ukukhanya kwe-UV kunye ne-IR, ziqinisekisa ukuba ukukhanya okubonakalayo kuphela kufika kwinzwa yekhamera. Olu cwangciso luvumela ikhamera ukuba isebenze njengekhamera eqhelekileyo, ibamba imibala yokwenyani ebomini ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka kwe-UV kunye nokukhanya kwe-IR.
● Izihluzo eziZodwa zezicelo ezithe ngqo
Iikhamera ezigcweleyo zinokuphuculwa ngakumbi ngezihluzi ezikhethekileyo eziyilelwe usetyenziso oluthile. Ngokomzekelo, izazi ngeenkwenkwezi zinokusebenzisa izihluzi ezinebhanti encinci ukuze zibambe ubude bamaza okukhanya okukhutshwa zizinto zasesibhakabhakeni. Ngokufanayo, abafoti basenkundleni banokusebenzisa izihluzi ezilungiselelwe ukuqaqambisa izinto ezithile okanye imathiriyeli, ukunceda kuphando lwendawo yolwaphulo-mthetho.
6. Ukukhetha iKhamera eLungileyo yoGuqulo
● Iimpawu zeKhamera ezidumileyo kunye neeModeli
Ayizizo zonke iikhamera ezifanelekileyo ngokulinganayo ukuguqulwa kwe-spectrum epheleleyo. Iibrendi ezidumileyo ezifana neCanon, iNikon, iSony, kunye nePanasonic zibonelela ngeemodeli ezikhethwa ngokubanzi ukuguqulwa. Le mizekelo ikhethwe ngenxa yomgangatho ophezulu wemifanekiso, ukusebenza okuthembekileyo, kunye nokuhambelana noluhlu olubanzi lweefilitha zangaphandle.
● Izinto ekufuneka ziqwalaselwe: Uhlobo lweSensor, Ukuhambelana
Xa ukhetha ikhamera yokuguqulwa kwe-spectrum epheleleyo, izinto ezininzi kufuneka ziqwalaselwe. Uhlobo lwenzwa (i-CCD okanye i-CMOS), ukuhambelana kwekhamera kunye nezihluzo ezahlukeneyo, kunye nokusebenza kwayo ngokubanzi kwiimeko zokukhanya okuphantsi kubalulekile. Ukongezelela, iikhamera ezinombono ophilayo kunye ne-electronic viewfinders zinconywa ukuba zibe lula ukugxila kunye nokuqulunqa, ngakumbi xa usebenzisa izihlungi ezivimba ukukhanya okubonakalayo.
7. Iingqwalasela zobuGcisa kunye nokuSeta
● Ukumisela iMali yoMhlophe ngokweSiko
Ukufezekisa iziphumo ezingcono ngekhamera ye-spectrum epheleleyo, ukuseta ibhalansi emhlophe yesiko kubalulekile. Eli nyathelo liqinisekisa ukuveliswa kombala ngokuchanekileyo ngokusekelwe kwiimeko ezithile zokukhanyisa kunye nezihlungi ezisetyenzisiweyo. Ngaphandle kwebhalansi emhlophe efanelekileyo, iifoto zinokubonisa imibala enemibala ekunzima ukuyilungisa emva kokulungiswa.
● I-Liveview kunye ne-Electronic Viewfinders
Ukusebenzisa ikhamera ye-spectrum epheleleyo kunye nembono ephilayo okanye i-electronic viewfinder inokwenza lula kakhulu inkqubo yokudubula. Ezi mpawu zivumela abafoti ukuba bajonge iziphumo zezihluzi ezahlukeneyo ngexesha lokwenyani, nto leyo eyenza kube lula ukuqamba kunye nokujolisa iifoto zabo ngokuchanekileyo. Umbono ophilayo uluncedo ngakumbi kwifoto ye-infrared kunye ne-ultraviolet, apho ukukhanya okubonakalayo kulinganiselwe.
8. Iikhamera ezipheleleyo zeSpectrum kwiFoto yoBuchule
● Iingenelo zabafoti bomtshato nabeMizobo
Abafoti abachwephesha, kubandakanya abo basebenza emitshatweni nakwimifanekiso eqingqiweyo, banokuzuza kubuxhakaxhaka beekhamera ezipheleleyo. Ukukwazi ukutshintshela phakathi kwesiqhelo, i-IR, kunye ne-UV yokufota ngekhamera efanayo ibavumela ukuba babonelele ngeefoto ezizodwa kunye nobuchule obucacileyo. Umzekelo, ukubamba imizobo ye-IR ethereal okanye iinkcukacha ze-UV kwiilokhwe zomtshato kunokongeza ukubamba okwahlukileyo kwiipotifoliyo zabo.
● Izicelo kwi-Forensic and Archaeological Research
Iikhamera ze-spectrum ezigcweleyo zizixhobo ezixabiseke kakhulu kwi-forensic kunye nophando lwe-archaeological. Kuphando lwasenkundleni, ukufota kwe-IR kunye ne-UV kunokuveza iinkcukacha ezibalulekileyo ezinje ngamabala egazi, imikrwelo, kunye nobunye ubungqina obunokuthi bungabonakali ekukhanyeni okuqhelekileyo. Ngokufanayo, abembi bezinto zakudala basebenzisa iikhamera ezipheleleyo zokuhlalutya izinto zakudala, iipetroglyphs, kunye nemibhalo yamandulo, betyhila iimpawu ezifihlakeleyo kunye nokumakishwa okubonelela ngengqiqo ebalulekileyo kwiimeko zembali.
9. Ukugcinwa kunye nokuKhathalela iiCamera zeSpectrum ezigcweleyo
● UkuCocwa kwezivamvo kunye noKhuselo
Iikhamera ze-spectrum ezigcweleyo zifuna ukulungiswa rhoqo ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza kakuhle. Ukucocwa kwenzwa kubaluleke kakhulu, njengoko uthuli kunye nenkunkuma inokuchaphazela umgangatho womfanekiso. Ukusebenzisa izixhobo ezifanelekileyo zokucoca kunye nobuchule kubalulekile ukuphepha ukonakalisa inzwa. Ukongezelela, ukukhusela ikhamera kwiimeko ezinzima zokusingqongileyo, ezifana nobushushu obugqithisileyo kunye nokufuma, kunceda ukwandisa ubomi bayo.
● Ulungelelwaniso lwarhoqo kunye noHlolo
Ukulinganisa kwamaxesha kunye nokuhlolwa kweengcali kucetyiswa ukuba kugcinwe ukuchaneka kunye nokusebenza kweekhamera ezipheleleyo ze-spectrum. Ngokuhamba kwexesha, abenzi boluvo kunye nezihluzi zinokufuna uhlengahlengiso ukuqinisekisa iziphumo ezingaguqukiyo. Unikezelo lwenkonzo rhoqo lukwanceda ukuchonga nokujongana nayo nayiphi na imiba enokubakho ngaphambi kokuba ibe yingxaki ebalulekileyo.
10. Izifundo zeCase kunye namava oMthengi
● Imizekelo yelizwe lokwenyani yokusetyenziswa
Iingcali ezininzi kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo ziye zadibanisa ngempumelelo iikhamera ezigcweleyo emsebenzini wazo. Umzekelo, umfoti womtshato unokusebenzisa ikhamera egcweleyo ukubamba iifoto zemveli kunye nemifanekiso yokuyila ye-infrared, enika abathengi icwecwe elikhethekileyo nelikhumbulekayo. Ngokufanayo, i-archaeologist inokutyhila iinkcukacha ezifihliweyo kwii-relics zakudala usebenzisa i-IR kunye ne-UV yokufota, ephucula iziphumo zabo zophando.
● Ubungqina obuvela kwiiNgcali zokuFota
Abafoti abaziingcali kunye nabaphandi bahlala beqaqambisa iingenelo zokusebenzisa iikhamera ezipheleleyo. Ubungqina buhlala bugxininisa ukuguquguquka, umgangatho womfanekiso ophuculweyo, kunye nokukwazi ukuthatha iinkcukacha eziphoswe ngenye indlela ngeekhamera eziqhelekileyo. La mava alungileyo agxininisa impembelelo yenguqu yokufota ngokupheleleyo kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo zobuchwephesha.
Ukuqukumbela
Iikhamera ze-spectrum ezigcweleyo ziye zaliguqula ibala lokufota ngokunika ukuguquguquka okungenakulinganiswa kunye nokuguquguquka. Ukusuka ekubambeni umhlaba omangalisayo we-infrared ukuya ekuvezeni ubungqina obufihliweyo be-forensic, ezi khamera zijongana noluhlu olubanzi lwezicelo. Njengoko iikhamera ezigcweleyo ezigcweleyo zifikeleleka ngakumbi, ngakumbi ezivela eTshayina abenzi beekhamera ezipheleleyo kunye nababoneleli, abafoti kunye nabaphandi kwihlabathi liphela banokusebenzisa amandla apheleleyo obu buchwepheshe.
● MalungaKuhle
I-Savgood ngumboneleli okhokelayo wezisombululo zokucinga ezintsha, okhethekileyo kwiikhamera ezikumgangatho ophezulu ezigcweleyo. Ngokuzibophelela ekugqweseni kunye nokwaneliseka kwabathengi, i-Savgood ibonelela ngoluhlu olubanzi lweemveliso ezenzelwe ukuhlangabezana neemfuno ezahlukeneyo zabafoti, abaphandi kunye neengcali. Phonononga ikamva lokufota ngetekhnoloji yemifanekiso yeSavgood ephucukileyo.
